شیر اسب Horse milk

[♘امیرحسین♞]

Horse milk trots onto the menu
Horse's milk could soon be available to pour over your cereal, according to a horse farm in Belgium that has started selling it across the world.
The farm milks 60 horses on a regular basis, and says its milk-mad customers can't get enough of it.
The healthy drink, which is low in fat and high in vitamins, is sold as a tasty alternative to cow's milk.
The milk, described as sweet, thin and watery, is also made into tablets, shampoo and creams to treat eczema.
The farmer decided to go in to horse milk production when new technology meant he didn't need his horses to work in the fields anymore.

Slow start
He's now been milking horses for more than eight years.
Although trade was slow to begin with, business is now booming and the farm is exporting the tasty treat to lots of different countries.​

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

Health-conscious turn to horse milk

Horse milk could soon be coming to a doorstep near you after demand for the nutritionally rich product has surged across mainland Europe.

Although almost unknown in parts of the world, the milk used to be so popular in Germany that during the First World War it was delivered door to door.

It is now back in favour with health-conscious consumers because it is rich in vitamins and minerals, is easily digested and has just 1.5 per cent fat, compared with 3.7 per cent for cow's milk. It is also priced as a delicacy, with a litre costing as much as $A16.60.

A decade ago, the milk was produced only in isolated German smallholdings. Now there are dozens of large-scale operations in France, Belgium and Holland, in addition to Germany and Austria.

Nadine de Brabander, who runs a horse farm with her husband, Frans, near Lier in Belgium, said: "You milk a horse in exactly the same way as you milk a cow - you just have to be a bit more careful about being kicked."

The de Brabanders started out with four mares but now have 57. They export more than 75,000 litres of milk a year in Europe and to America, bringing in about $A1.4 million.

A mare produces far less milk than a cow - on average about three litres a day, compared with up to a cow's 40 litres - and needs to be milked as often as five times a day. It is similar in consistency to semi-skimmed cow's milk.

Cleopatra famously bathed in asses' milk to keep her skin young and beautiful but horse milk drinkers claim that it can help dermatitis and eczema sufferers.

"Health scares such as BSE ("mad cow" disesase), and the addition of antibiotics and hormones to fodder, mean that more people are looking for organic alternatives," said horse farmer Sandra Gogel.

Dr Rene Madeleyn, of the pediatric department at the Filder Hospital in Stuttgart, said: "Mare's milk has many antibodies that help neutralise bacteria and viruses. It is the closest animal milk to human milk. We often give it to premature babies to increase strength and immunity."​

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

Horse Milk - Gift From Heaven

Eric Shackle says that before long many of us may be drinking milk from horses (more precisely, from mares) instead of from cows.

"Most people feel much better after drinking horse milk," Hubert Peffer wrote in The Draft Horse Journal. "Given that the industry results in happy and healthy customers, happy mares, happy foals and happy horse milkers, horse milk just may be a gift from heaven."
Horse milk is rapidly gaining popularity in several European countries. It was delivered door-to-door in Germany during the First World War (1914-1918), Clare Chapman wrote in London's Sunday Telegraph, adding:

It is now back in favour with health-conscious consumers because it is rich in vitamins and minerals, is easily digested and has just 1.5 per cent fat, compared with 3.7 per cent for cow's milk. It is also priced as a delicacy, with a litre costing as much as €11 (£7). [$Au17, $US13].

A decade ago, the milk was produced only in isolated German smallholdings. Now there are dozens of large-scale operations in France, Belgium and Holland, in addition to Germany and Austria.

The article featured an interesting interview with Nadine de Brabander, who runs a horse farm with her husband, Frans, near Lier in Belgium. Using that as a lead, we found the website of the horse dairy farm Het Brabanderhof, a site well worth visiting. Nadine says:

All our mares are Belgian draught horses that live together with their foals in one big herd on the pasture and in the open loose yard. When the foals are eight weeks old and therefore able to eat hay, grass and concentrates themselves, we start milking the mares.
In the morning the mares are separated from the foals in another loose yard, so we can milk them 5 times a day (every two and a half hours). For a good milk production and the well-being of the foals they get healthy and varied food the whole day through...''

"Horses are different from cows in that mares need to have their foals with them to lactate," Nadine told one interviewer, Susan Wilanda. "We milk the horses five times a day and the production is 1-1.5 litres at a time. During the night, foals do the job."

In Ireland, Helen Goormans of Flagmount and her husband Daniel sell horses' milk at Killaloe farmers' market every Sunday. "It's a unique natural product, full of essential vitamins and minerals, and it's ideal for people who suffer from various allergies and intolerance," Helen told Patricia Feehily from the Limerick Leader.

The couple sell frozen milk from a Belgian friend's 16 draught mares, and also sell powdered horse milk.

FOOTNOTE. Donkeys' milk isn't quite the same as horses' milk, but Peffer mentioned that the Austrian Empress Sissi never travelled without a bunch of jennets [female donkeys] providing her with enough milk to fill a bath tub every day. And we all know that Cleopatra bathed in asses' milk to keep herself trim, taut and terrific.​

 

[Dr_Ghaffari]

امروز برای اولین بار دوشیدن شیر اسب را تجربه کردم ! (جل المخلوق) با دوشیدن سایر دامها متفاوت بود.(جل الخالق)

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

امروز برای اولین بار دوشیدن شیر اسب را تجربه کردم ! (جل المخلوق) با دوشیدن سایر دامها متفاوت بود.(جل الخالق)

توضیحات بیشتری بدهید, لطفا
مزه هم کردی؟ طعمش فرق داره با شیر گاو و به اون سفیدی هم نیست

 

[atila]

خاطره از شیر اسب :
یکی از دامپزشکان معروف تبریز برای تحقیق در مورد اسب قره باغ به کشور قزاقستان سفر کرده بود در یکی از مراتع یک ایلخی را تعقیب میکنه به آلاچیق (چادر عشایری) صاحبان ایلخی میرسه . گویا در آنجا برای پذیرائی از مهمان شیر مادیان تعارف می کنند که عدم خوردنش نوعی کم احترامی به آنهاست دکتر هم به همین جهت چشمانش رابسته شیر نپخته مادیان را به جهت احترام گذاشتن به رسوم میزبان سر می کشد . تصور کنید آدم چه حالی پیدا می کند.

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

خاطره از شیر اسب :
یکی از دامپزشکان معروف تبریز برای تحقیق در مورد اسب قره باغ به کشور قزاقستان سفر کرده بود در یکی از مراتع یک ایلخی را تعقیب میکنه به آلاچیق (چادر عشایری) صاحبان ایلخی میرسه . گویا در آنجا برای پذیرائی از مهمان شیر مادیان تعارف می کنند که عدم خوردنش نوعی کم احترامی به آنهاست دکتر هم به همین جهت چشمانش رابسته شیر نپخته مادیان را به جهت احترام گذاشتن به رسوم میزبان سر می کشد . تصور کنید آدم چه حالی پیدا می کند.

اون دامپزشک معروف نتایج تحقیقاتش چی شد؟

 

[atila]

اون دامپزشک فکر کنم دکتر مه پیکر باشه از نتایجش فعلا بی اطلاعم یکی از دوستان پایاننامش در مورد اسب قره باغ بود استادش دکتر مه پیکر بود قرار ه مطالبی از پایاننامش در بیارم که به درد انجمن بخوره

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

5,000year-old horse milk

Archaeological evidence of horse milking in Kazakhstan proves that domestic horses were being used as early as 3500-3100 BC, announced Professor Richard Evershed at the BA Festival of Science on Wednesday.

This date is over 1000 years older than the previous earliest-known site at Ak Alakha in Siberia.

The finding was made by analysing potsherds from the archaeological site at Botai in Kazakhstan. Professor Evershed and Natalie Stear at the University of Bristol have been using chemical analysis techniques on tiny pieces of pottery to determine the presence of animal fatty-acids and distinguish the residues of meat and milk.

The horse was very important prehistorically as a source of food and milk and also as a means of transport and hunting. Excavations at the Botai site have discovered over 10 tonnes of bones, 99 per cent of which belong to horses.

Ritual horse burials and bone artefacts have also been found, but there had been previously no direct evidence of horse domestication.

"Clearly they were consuming horse," said Evershed, "but the question is whether they were wild or domesticated."

If the Bristol team could find evidence of horse milk in pottery then this would prove the presence of domesticated horses.

Determining the seasonality of the horse residues in the potsherds was the key to solving whether the horses were being kept and managed. A domesticated mare would only have been milked in the summer following the birth of foals in the spring.

To find the season signal they looked at the amount of deuterium in the fatty acids. Water is enriched in deuterium in the summer so an enriched signal in the potsherds would show that the product must have come from milk, as the signal from the water is rapidly passed to the milk.

Horse meat would not show this enrichment as it would have an averaged signal from the water drunk by the horse throughout its life, both the summer and the winter.

Enriched levels were found in two of the potsherds tested.

"Our research seems to provide the most conclusive evidence so far that at least some of the horses at the site were domesticated and used for milk," said Natalie Stear.

"It shows domestic horses far earlier than we already knew them to exist."

Analysis of further potsherds is being done to help unravel the role of the horse at Botai.​

 

[sohrab]

خاطره از شیر اسب :
یکی از دامپزشکان معروف تبریز برای تحقیق در مورد اسب قره باغ به کشور قزاقستان سفر کرده بود در یکی از مراتع یک ایلخی را تعقیب میکنه به آلاچیق (چادر عشایری) صاحبان ایلخی میرسه . گویا در آنجا برای پذیرائی از مهمان شیر مادیان تعارف می کنند که عدم خوردنش نوعی کم احترامی به آنهاست دکتر هم به همین جهت چشمانش رابسته شیر نپخته مادیان را به جهت احترام گذاشتن به رسوم میزبان سر می کشد . تصور کنید آدم چه حالی پیدا می کند.

میشه تصور کرد آقای دامپزشک چه حالی پیدا کرده.
شیر تخمیر شده مادیان که درصد کمی الکل داره نوشیدنی محبوب مردم آسیای میانه هست . توی مجله دنیای اسب مقاله جالبی در این مورد هست.

 

[sohrab]

يكي از مواد غذائي كه در بازارهاي اسياي ميانه بخصوص در قزاقستان و قرقيزستان بوفور يافت ميشود محصولات مربوط به اسب است اسب حيواني است كه در زمانهاي قديم توسط اين اقوام بعنوان دوست ، ياور و هميار در جنگها و شاديها و غمها بكار ميرفته است . انها از اسب استفاده هاي زيادي ميكردند بعنوان نمونه مغولها از گوشت ، شير و استخوان اسب براي دسته شمشير شان استفاده مينمودند اقوام اريائي اولين اقوامي بودند كه اين حيوان واقعا مفيد را تحت كنترل خود دراوردند. عليرغم رشد شهر نشيني درميان مردم ولي اسب هنوز نقش خود را در رژيم غذائي اين اقوام از دست نداده است مردم قرقيز همانند مردم قزاق از گوشت و شير اسب استفاده ميكنند.
طرز درست كردن شير اسب براي مصرف به شرح زير است اول شير را از اسب ميدوشند پس از ان ان را در يك ظرف مستطيل شكل و دراز چوبي ريخته و با اضافه كردن كمي پي گوسفند و مويز به ان در سه شبانه روز ان را گاه و بيگاه با يك دسته پهن چوبي ميگردانند تا بقول خودشان چربي شير از بين برود. نميتوان شير اسب را در وحله اول نوشيد زيرا بسيار مقوي است و ممكن است نوشيدن ان توليد درد سر كند . پس از سه روز شير ، اماده نوشيدن ميشود . قرقيزها معتقدند كه شير اسب براي بعضی امراض مفيد و موثر است همچنين به بيمار مبتلابه سرما خوردگي نيز شير اسب مينوشانند . اما طعم شير اسب نيز طعم خاصي است و شبيه طعم دوغ ترش ميباشد معمولا شير اسب را يا بصورت خالي يا با نون صرف ميكنند و ان را در اول غذا سرو ميكنند. البته هركس مزاج خاص خود را دارد. قرقيزها معتقدند كه ممكن است براي كسي كه براي اولين بار شير اسب مي نوشد طعم ان دلخواه نبوده ومضافا اينكه كمي حالت مست كنندگي به نوشنده دست دهد ولي در دفعات بعد اين حالت ديگر اتفاق نمي افتد شير اسب نسبتا نسبت به شير گاو گرانتر بوده و هم اكنون در بسته هاي پاستوريزه اي در دسترس مشتريان قرارميگيرد

منبع: http://miandareh.persianblog.ir/

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

خاطره از شیر اسب :
یکی از دامپزشکان معروف تبریز برای تحقیق در مورد اسب قره باغ به کشور قزاقستان سفر کرده بود در یکی از مراتع یک ایلخی را تعقیب میکنه به آلاچیق (چادر عشایری) صاحبان ایلخی میرسه . گویا در آنجا برای پذیرائی از مهمان شیر مادیان تعارف می کنند که عدم خوردنش نوعی کم احترامی به آنهاست دکتر هم به همین جهت چشمانش رابسته شیر نپخته مادیان را به جهت احترام گذاشتن به رسوم میزبان سر می کشد . تصور کنید آدم چه حالی پیدا می کند.

Horse Milk - Gift From Heavenمتن اصلیشه دیگه که در دنیای اسب ترجمه شده
میشه تصور کرد آقای دامپزشک چه حالی پیدا کرده.
شیر تخمیر شده مادیان که درصد کمی الکل داره نوشیدنی محبوب مردم آسیای میانه هست . توی مجله دنیای اسب مقاله جالبی در این مورد هست.

 

[Dr_Ghaffari]

امروز برای اولین بار دوشیدن شیر اسب را تجربه کردم ! (جل المخلوق) با دوشیدن سایر دامها متفاوت بود.(جل الخالق)

توضیحات بیشتری بدهید, لطفا
مزه هم کردی؟ طعمش فرق داره با شیر گاو و به اون سفیدی هم نیست

نه مزه نکردم . ولی پنجشنبه مزه خواهم کرد تا تجربیات خودم را باز گو کنم ! ولی از شیر گاو و گوسفند چربی و قند کمتری دارد و یک مقدار مزه ترشیدگی دارد و حداکثر تولید روزانه آن 10 لیتر است . اینها مختصری از اطلاعات عمومی شیر اسب است.

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

Market for Mare Milk Gives Rise to Equine Dairy Industry

Nearly a dozen velvety black Ariègeois broodmares and an approved stallion roam and graze freely across a 120-acre pasture in the French Massif Central hills. These horses are the foundation of Nathalie and Xavier Niaux's Domaine de Merens de Bibracte, an equine dairy, where up to 3,000 liters (750 gallons) of mare milk are produced for human consumption every year.

Heralded within organic food and alternative health circles for its nutritive and therapeutic values, mare milk is sold to European customers directly from the farms. Products range from raw, unpasteurized milk for drinking, to cosmetic items such as fragrant soaps and body lotions.
Selective breeding, positive foal handling, and transparency in their business practices have resulted in foals that are in as high demand as the farm's dairy products, Niaux said. The farm's foals have all been placed in families within months of weaning.

Although animal welfare groups such as the Brigitte Bardot Foundation and Worldwide Protection for Farm Animals are aware of horse dairy farms and the possible negative implications for the mare/foal relationship, none of the organization representatives contacted was willing to make a statement on the welfare risks, citing lack of research and available data in the industry.

As long as certain precautions such as not milking the mare excessively, supplementing the foal's diet, and providing plenty of high-quality pasture are respected, a dairy mare's foal should suffer no ill consequences of sharing its milk, said William Martin-Rosset, PhD, head of equine nutrition research at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA).

The Niauxes said they and many others make every effort to work harmoniously with nature.

They begin milking the mares when the foals have reached three months of age.

"We start out slowly, on the first day just a few hours and (collect) maybe one or two milkings," said Nathalie Niaux. "Gradually we work our way up to about four milkings a day by the end of the milking period," which ends, along with weaning, when the foal is about seven months old.

No organization oversees horse dairy farms in Europe, and statistics on the number of existing farms are difficult to estimate, according to Chris de Cooman, owner of the mare milk farm Ferme de la Comogne in the Ardennes region of Belgium. However, de Cooman, a former executive in sales management who left Brussels 11 years ago to start her farm, has done some primary research on the industry and guesses that there might be about 10 horse dairies in Belgium, a few in Holland, and perhaps 10 to 30 in France. "The best guess anybody has is just counting the number of online shops," she said.

At any rate, compared to cow milk dairies, the existence of horse dairy farms is "just peanuts," she said. "It isn't at all the same business.... It's mostly city people who love horses who have found a way to live out in the open with the animals they cherish."​

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

EN : Mare milk
FR : Lait de jument
ES : Leche de yegua
AR : حليب الفرس
ZH : 马奶
PT : Leite de égua
CS : kobylí mléko
JA : 馬乳
TH : นมม้า
SK : kobylie mlieko
DE : STUTENMILCH
HU : kancatej
PL : Mleko klaczy
FA : شیر مادیان
IT : Latte di cavalla
HI : घोडी का दूध​

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

Horses’ milk to compete with other dairy drinks

Popular in France and in other Continental countries, horses' milk is said to be richer in vitamins, easy to digest and tastes a little sweeter than cows' milk. It is also said that it is less likely to cause allergies in those prone to eczema and other skin conditions. It does, however, contain about as much fat as full cream cows' milk.

If horses' milk hits the supermarket shelf, it faces stiff competition from a range of new milks from both the animal and the plant world, designed to suit different palates and health requirements.

At many supermarkets, goats' milk is displayed alongside cows' milk. Those who suffer from allergies and intolerances to cows' milk often say they find it easier to digest. Others say conditions such as eczema and some intestinal troubles improve after switching, too.

Buffalo milk is richer in calcium (and therefore might benefit those at risk of crumbling bones), protein and fat than cows', and closer in content to human milk. However, 100ml of buffalo milk contains 110 calories, compared with 34 for skimmed cows' milk and 60 for goats'. Nutritionists hope to develop a product closer to human milk for infant formulas. There is also hope of modifying the high protein content in buffalo milk into a protein similar to the one in human milk that kills cancer.

One in five people may suffer some degree of intolerance to cows' milk, suffering bloating, cramps and diarrhea, according to an American study. But for those who have no quarrel with cows' milk, this product remains one of the most nutritious foods.​

 

[ناشناس]

شیر اسب هدیه ای است از بهشت /

شیر اسب هدیه الهی
آیا می دانستید داروی پریمارینPremarin از ادرار مادین آبستن تهیه می شه؟این دارو برای پوکی استخوان تجویز می شه!و در اروپا بسیار متداول است.

اما مطلب جالب تر اینه که بدانید محصول پرفروش تر دیگه ای نیز از مادیان تهیه میشه و آن شیر مادیان است.در زمان های قدیم شیرتخمیر شده اسب در مغولستان به عنوان یک نوشیدنی ملی محسوب می شده!در قدیم نیز شیر الاغ برای بهبود کودکان و نوزادانی که مشکل روده ای داشتن مورد مصرف قرار می گرفت.

جالب تر اینکه بدانید در بریتانیا خانم نیدین و آقای فرانس برابندر دارای مزرعه ای اند در شهر کوچکی به نام لایر که عمده فعالیت آنها تولید محصولات لبنی اسب است.آنها فعالیت خود را با نژاد Brabants آغاز کرده اند و آن هم به ۲ دلیل:۱.احتمال لگد خوردن در زمان دوشیدن بسیار کم است.۲.به علت مقدار تولید شیر بالا..

علاقه این خانواده به دوشیدن شیر اسب از زمانی آغاز شد که یکی ار اعضای خانواده دچار بیماری حاد روده ای به نام کرونز گردید و آنها برای تهیه شیر اسب و بهبود عضو خانواده به هلند سفر کردند.پس از مصرف روزانه ۶/. گالون از شیر اسب بیماری عضو خانواده رو به بهبود نهاد و در نهایت بهبود کامل حاصل گردید. از آن پس دوشیدن شیر اسب در این خانواده به یک اشتغال تبدیل شد و آنها امروزه دارای مزرعه بزرگی برای تولید محصولات لبنی اسب هستند.

کار شیردوشی از مادیان ها ۲ ماه بعد از کره دار شدن آغاز و تا ۸ ماهگی ادامه دارد و شیر دوشی در مادیان تنها در ۶ ماه ضورت می گیرد.

مهم ترین موارد مصرف شیر اسب موارد درمانی است و در درجه دوم در تهیه لوازم آرایشی است.از شیر اسب جهت تولید شیر خشک و لوازم آرایشی بدون بو و آلرژی . کرم پوست و صورت و لوسیون و خمیر و کرم بعد از ریش تراشی و صابون و حتی لیکور شیر اسب نیز استفاده می شود.

شیر اسب از لحاظ ترکیبات(درصد چربی و...) به شیر انسان بسیار نزدیک است.

جالب است بدانید قیمت یک گالون(۲۸*۶٪) شیر اسب بالغ بر۴۵ دلار امریکا ست.

 

[♘امیرحسین♞]

Equine Domestication Goes Back Farther Than Thought

Not only have horses been domesticated longer than we thought but they were also milked, says an article in Science.

The researchers have traced the origins of horse domestication back to the Botai Culture of Kazakhstan circa 5,500 years ago, about 1,000 years earlier than thought and about 2,000 years earlier than domestic horses are known to have been in Europe. Their findings strongly suggest that horses were originally domesticated, not just for riding, but also to provide food, including milk.

Through extensive archaeological fieldwork and subsequent analysis, using new techniques, the team developed three independent lines of evidence for early horse domestication. Their findings show that in the fourth millennium BC horses in Kazakhstan were being selectively bred for domestic use. They also show horses were being harnessed, possibly for riding, and that people were consuming horse milk.

Analysis of ancient bone remains showed that the horses were similar in shape to Bronze Age domestic horses and different from wild horses from the same region. This suggests that people were selecting wild horses for their physical attributes, which were then exaggerated through breeding.

The team used a new technique to search for 'bit damage' caused by horses being harnessed or bridled. The results showed that horses had indeed been harnessed, suggesting they could have been ridden.

Using a novel method of lipid residue analysis, the researchers also analysed Botai pottery and found traces of fats from horse milk. Mare's milk is still drunk in Kazakhstan, a country in which horse traditions run deep, and is usually fermented into a slightly alcoholic drink called 'koumiss'. While it was known that koumiss had been produced for centuries, this study shows the practice dates back to the very earliest horse herders.

Lead author Dr Alan Outram of the University of Exeter said: "The domestication of horses is known to have had immense social and economic significance, advancing communications, transport, food production and warfare. Our findings indicate that horses were being domesticated about 1,000 years earlier than previously thought. This is significant because it changes our understanding of how these early societies developed."

The steppe zones, east of the Ural Mountains in Northern Kazakhstan, are known to have been a prime habitat for wild horses thousands of years ago. They were a commonly hunted animal. This may have set the stage for horse domestication by providing indigenous cultures with access to plentiful wild herds and the opportunity to gain an intimate knowledge of equine behaviour. Horses appear to have been domesticated in preference to adopting a herding economy based upon domestic cattle, sheep and goats. Horses have the advantage of being adapted to severe winters and they are able to graze year round, even through snow. Cattle, sheep and goats need to be to be provided with winter fodder, and were a later addition to the prehistoric economies of the region.

This study was carried out by the Universities of Exeter, Bristol and Winchester (UK), Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Pittsburgh, USA), and Kokshetau University (Kazakhstan) and was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council, British Academy and National Science Foundation of America.
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[امین سلطانی]

نه مزه نکردم . ولی پنجشنبه مزه خواهم کرد تا تجربیات خودم را باز گو کنم ! ولی از شیر گاو و گوسفند چربی و قند کمتری دارد و یک مقدار مزه ترشیدگی دارد و حداکثر تولید روزانه آن 10 لیتر است . اینها مختصری از اطلاعات عمومی شیر اسب است.

بیشتراز ۱۰ لیتر هم هست، توی نژادهای مختلف فرق می‌کنه، تا ۲۷ لیتر در روز هم هست، اگه اشتباه نکنم تو نژاده فرنچ درافت این مقداره، اما به نظرم بیشتر هم میتونه باشه!

 

[sajad]

یک دکتر اطفال که یکی ازدکتر های نمونه ی استان یزد به شمار می آید به تمام بچه های زیر دوسال که مریض شده اند شیر اسب تجویز می کند.
حتی من شنیده ام شیر اسب برای سرطان هم مفید است .ما مشتری شیر اسب داشتیم که حاضر بود لیتری 90 هزارتومان بابت شیر اسب پرداخت کند.